Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
The Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics (JAMCNP) (ISSN 2582-8215) is an international journal being published since 2014. The main aim of this journal is to make available the most complete and reliable source of information on current developments, especially in the following fields (but are not limited to): Atomic Physics, Molecular Physics, Chemical Physics, Optical Physics, Condensed Matter, Nano Science including Nano-Photonics, Applied Physics (Environmental physics, Engineering physics, Biomedical physics, Astrophysics physics, Chemical physics, Computational physics, Quantum computing). The Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics is indexed in CAS Source Index (CASSI) of the American Chemical Society To ensure speedy publication, only articles that are sufficiently well presented, contain significant results, and not required major revisions will be considered. Papers are accepted only after peer review. Editorial decisions on the acceptance or otherwise are taken normally within 4 to 8 weeks (two months) of receipt of the paper. Journal History: Formerly, Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensate and Nano Physics (eISSN 2349-2716; pISSN 2349-6088)
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CCAL that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Structure formation is a very important phenomena to follow the cosmological evolution of our universe. The role of ultra-light dark matter in this whole process is substantial. Keeping this point in view, one anticipates that the extremely light dilatons can be expected play it's part in this crucial process. The detection of the light dilatons is however not very easy, their cosmological signal may be detected in large radio telescopes. Using radiometer equation we ealborate on the possibility of detecting dilaton signal coming from the dark matter halo of nearby galaxies. Our analysis shows that in some parameter range the possibility of their detection is non-negligible.
Ionization of the \(1S\) and \(nS\) States of the Atomic Hydrogen by Positron and Electron Impacts
The ionizations of the \(1S\) and \(nS\) states of the atomic hydrogen have been carried out using the hybrid theory, which is variationally correct and has been obtained by modifying the method of polarized orbitals. Earlier, we calculated cross sections of exciting the higher states from the ground state, and cross sections of photoabsorption. Now, we apply the same approach to the ionization of states. The distortion of the orbit is considered due to the incident positron or electron. The distortion takes place whether the incident particle is outside or inside the orbit. Temkin considered distortion of the target electron only when the incident particle is outside the orbit of the target. However, there is no simple way to consider distortion of \(nS\) states of atomic hydrogen. The cross sections are calculated by considering the distortion in the initial state as well as in the final state only in the \(1S\) state and are compared with the previous calculations and the experimental results. The present cross sections have a maximum at an energy which is the same as the incident energy in the experimental results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
Polarimetric Effect of Photon-Scalar Mixing in Astrophysical Situations
Photon \((\gamma)\) scalar \((\phi)\) mixing in field theory involves fields those transform differently under Lorentz transformation. Usually, this takes place through loops involving bosonic fields of unified theories with that of electromagnetism. This type of interaction makes the medium dichoric, and the same induces optical activity, i.e., rotation of plane of polarization of electromagnetic field. In this paper, we study propagation of synchrotron photons in of a magnetized compact star magnetosphere, assuming \(\phi\)\(\gamma\) interaction. Ways to look for polarimetric signatures of scalar photon coupling from the compact star electromagnetic signals is explored.
Photon Neutrino Interaction in a Magnetized Medium
Loop induced interaction in a magnetized matter can make charge neutral fermions interact with photons. The matter or electromagnetic field induces an effective vertex and modifies the dispersion relation. In standard model of electroweak interaction, it has already been noted that in a medium neutrinos acquire an effective charge (from the vector type vertex of weak interaction). On the other hand in magnetized plasma, the axial vector part also start contributing to the effective charge of a neutrino. This contribution corresponding to the axial vector part in the interaction Lagrangian is denoted as the axial polarisation tensor. In an earlier paper the explicit form of the axial polarisation tensor to all odd orders in external magnetic field B was reported. In this note we complete that investigation by computing the same, to all even orders in external magnetic field. We further show its gauge invarience properties. Lastly, the zero external momentum limit of this axial polarisation tensor is reported.
Excitation of \((1s2s)\) \(^{1}S\), the Singlet State of Helium Atoms by Positron Impact
The excitation of the \((1s2s)\) \({}^{1}S\) state of a helium atom has been calculated using scattering functions obtained by the method of polarized orbitals. In this method, the distortion of each orbital is considered due to the presence of the incident particle. The distortion takes place only when the incident particle is outside the target orbital. This method has been widely used in the scattering of electrons and positrons from various targets. Plane-wave normalization of the continuum function is considered, while it has been neglected in calculations carried out by Mandal et al. [1], and Willis and McDowell [3]. Consequently, the present results are higher than those obtained by them.
New \(Q\)-\(\beta\)-Decay Theory Applied to the Calculations of the Rest Mass Energy \(m_0c^2\) of the Electron and of the \(Q\)-Value for \(\beta^+\)-Decay Transitions in Mirrors Nuclei \(A = 2Z - 1\)
A new nuclear approach named \(Q\)-\(\beta\)-decay theory \((Q\beta T)\) is presented. This method is applied to express theoretically the \(\beta^+\)-\(Q\)-value for mirrors nuclei \(A = 2Z-1\). An important parameter named nuclear charge distribution coefficient (NCDC) noted \(\alpha (Z)\) is presented. In the framework of the liquid drop nuclear model where the nuclear charge is uniformly distributed in the nuclear volume, \(\alpha (Z) = 3/5\). It this work, it is demonstrated that the protons are not rigorously uniformly distributed within the nucleus. A slight correction is obtained with \(\alpha (Z) \approx \alpha_0 = 3/5 + 0.0557\). For \({}^{37}\)K and \({}^{65}\)As, we find for the electron rest mass energy \(m_0c^2=0.510\) 996 MeV agreeing excellently with the recommended value 0.510 998 950 MeV (CODATA, 2022). In addition, the \(Q\)-value calculated for \(A\) ranging between 11 and 99 agree very well with the recent Atomic Mass Evaluation -- AME2020 (Wang et al. [15]). New accurate $Q$-values are tabulated for nuclei mirrors with \(A\) ranging between 101 and 199. The present \(Q\)-\(\beta\)-DT make it possible to understand many nuclear properties and phenomena depending on the \(Q\)-value such as comparison between experimental and theoretical predictions of atomic masses, the understanding of the weak force and of the competitive processes between electron capture and \(\beta^+\)-decay.
4F and 5F Excitations of Atomic Hydrogen by Electron Impact
The excitation cross-sections of the 4F and 5F states of atomic hydrogen by electron impact have been calculated at incident energies 1.00 to 42.25 Ry, using the hybrid theory, which is variationally correct. The present calculation is a single-channel or a distorted wave calculation. Partial waves ranged from \(L=3\) to 14 to obtain converged results. Excitations of higher states are needed for diagnostics of the solar and astrophysical plasmas. They are also needed to model plasma in fusion research, because they indicate the possibility that a state will be excited to a higher state when colliding with another state. Transition rates to the lower states can be measured by observing decays of the excited states.
Variational Principles and Their Applications
There are many variational calculations of energies of various systems which have applications in Rydberg states and polarizabilities of these systems. There are variational calculations of scattering functions which have applications in calculations of excitation, photoabsorption, and radiative attachment cross sections. A few of these applications are mentioned.
Recent Progress on Atomic Spectroscopy of Highly Ionized Ions in Laboratory Plasmas for Fusion Research
Magnetic dipole forbidden (M1) transitions have been observed for highly ionized Ar, Kr, Mo and Xe ions in LHD. It was found that the M1 transition is observable if the spontaneous emission coefficient is larger than \(\sim10^{2}\) s\({}^{-1}\). An intensity ratio of M1 transition to electric dipole (E1) transition was analyzed for F-like TiXIV by assuming the presence of monoenergetic 90 keV protons originated in neutral beams for plasma heating. An effect of 3.52 MeV alpha (He\({}^{2+}\)) particle collision was also theoretically examined for F-like MoXXXIV and XeXLVI. We found the XeXLVI intensity can be affected by roughly 10% if the alpha particle density is one percent to the electron density. L\(\alpha\) \((n=3\)-\(2)\) transitions of FeXVII-XXIV were observed at 10-18 A in LHD. Measured intensity ratios among Ne-like FeXVII lines are examined against \(T_e\) and \(n_e\), and compared with theoretical values. An influx rate of W\({}^{6+}\) ions was determined to be \(\Gamma_W=6\times10^{11}\) cm\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) from the intensity of WVII which was identified at 216.2 A and 261.4 A in HL-2A. Densities of W\({}^{43+}\) and W\({}^{45+}\) ions were analyzed and found to be an order of \(10^{8}\) cm\({}^{-3}\) based on the radial profile measurement of WXLIII-XLVI at 120-134 A in EAST. Several tungsten spectra from low ionization stages, WIV-VII, were identified in LHD at VUV range of 500-1500 A and the ion temperature was determined from the Doppler broadening, e.g. T\({}_{i}\)(WVI)\(=\)137\(\pm\)52 eV.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
Energy Eigenvalues, Dipole Polarizability, Electron Pressure and Effect of Dielectrics on the Confined Hydrogen Atom
In this work, we used an efficient computational technique to solve the Schrödinger equation for the confined hydrogen atom (CHA) which is confined inside a hard spherical cavity with impenetrable wall. The wavefunctions, energy eigenvalues, polarizability and pressure have been calculated for different confinement radius. The energy eigenvalues and expectation values obtained are in good agreement with those calculated values obtained by Aquino et al. [2]. The hydrogen atoms under high pressure are real physical systems which can be found inside astrophysical objects.
Analytical Derivation and Perturbative Structure of Entanglement Entropy in Quantum Field Theory: Covariance Matrix Formalism and Noncommutative Corrections
Entanglement entropy (EE) is a pivotal quantity in quantum field theory (QFT) that captures the nonlocal correlations between subsystems, offering deep insights into the quantum structure of spacetime, field dynamics, and phase transitions. This work derives EE in QFT using the covariance matrix formalism, establishing its foundations through the von Neumann entropy of reduced density matrices. We analytically compute EE for coupled harmonic oscillators as a prototypical model, extending the results to quantum fields via perturbative expansions. In the context of Maxwell QFT, we analyze entropy corrections induced by external perturbations, revealing their fractal dynamics through the emergence of Julia sets. The study further incorporates noncommutative geometry, where the deformation of spacetime modifies the covariance matrix, field strength tensors, and modular indices. Numerical simulations validate the derived scaling laws, entropy corrections, and noncommutative effects. These findings provide a mathematically rigorous framework to explore the interplay between EE, field theory, and geometric structures in high-energy physics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
Excitations of the 4F and 5F States of Atomic Hydrogen by Positron Impact
The excitation cross sections of the 4F and 5F states of atomic hydrogen by positron impact have been calculated at low incident energies (from 1.00 to 4.41 Ry), using the variational polarized method, also called the hybrid theory. Partial waves ranged from \(L=3\) to 20 to obtain converged cross sections. The importance of the long-range interaction in the threshold region is discussed. A comparison of \(S\), \(P\), \(D\), and \(F\) cross sections is given. These cross sections are needed because of cascades from higher states to the \(S\) state when the cross sections of the \(S\) state in hydrogen are measured or in diagnostics of solar and astrophysical observations. The phase shifts at low energies are also given.
Hybrid Theory of Scattering of Positrons from Helium Atoms
Hybrid theory of \(L\)-wave scattering of positrons from helium atoms is developed. Phase shifts are calculated for the incident positron momentum from \(0.1\) to \(1.2\) for \(L=0, 1, 2, 3\) before the~onset of excitation, and positronium formation. The phase shifts are compared with phase shifts obtained by Drachman, and by Campeanu and Humberston.
The 21st National Conference on Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors and Their Applications (SSNTDs-21), a three-day national conference was jointly organized by the Department of Physics, Ramjas College and Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi in collaboration with the Nuclear Track Society of India (NTSI) during January 29-31, 2021. This was the 21st conference into biennial series of the conferences and was inaugurated by Prof. P.C. Joshi, Vice Chancellor, University of Delhi and Prof. Mahesh Verma, Vice Chancellor, GGSIP University, Delhi. The organizing team comprised of Dr. Manoj Kumar Khanna, Principal, Ramjas College (as Patron), Prof. P.D. Sahare, Dr. Rajesh Kumar and Dr. Ashok Kumar as the convener, co-convener and organizing secretory of the conference, respectively. The office bearers of NTSI and advisory committee also played a vital role in organizing the conference. Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTDs) are a class of passive detectors, developed by R.L. Fleischer, P.B. Price and R.L. Walker in the early 1960 and they have found in numerous applications in various field of science and technology. SSNTDs have been recognize as very potential and effective tools in exploring various research area. Apart from the direct applications of far reaching consequences in nuclear physics, other areas, such as, biomedical sciences, cosmic rays and space physics, environmental sciences geochronology and geophysics, materials sciences, lunar sciences, meteorites and tektites and microanalysis and mine safety, nuclear technology, uranium prospective and most recently nano-/microtechnology, etc. have been greatly influence by SSNTDs. They have a very important role to play in radiation measurements, micro technology and dosimetry and thus they are potent enough in spreading awareness about the radiation environment and its impact on the general public and the academic peers. In order to disseminate the knowledge generated in this fast-growing field, there was a need to bring material science and radiation community on a common platform and discuss various aspects related to it. In view of this, the NTSI along with Ramjas College and Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi organized a very comprehensive three-day conference, SSNTDs-21 at the University of Delhi. The focused areas of the conference included, basic studies and methodology; latent tracks in materials and ion track technology; heavy ion nuclear physics and cosmic rays; radon/thoron studies; radiation measurements and dosimetry; trace analysis; Nuclear track filters and their applications; fission track dating and geochronology; instrumentation, devices and software in these areas; SSNTDs in teaching; radiation induced modification of materials; luminescence and it’s applications; synthesis and characterization of materials, etc. The conference was attended by more than 150 scientists, academicians and researchers having 104 oral presentations, 23 invited talks during 12 technical sessions chaired by eminent scientists and scholars. Scientist from different institution and universities all over the country participated in the conference. Young scientist awards were also given under various categories for best papers presentations. The conference was sponsored by UGC, CSIR, INSA and DRDO of Government of India. This special issue contains some ‘Selected and Peer-Reviewed’ full length 11 papers out of the total more than hundred papers presented in the ‘21st National Conference on Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors and Their Applications’ (SSNTD-21). The articles presented in the conference covered a wide range of topics. However, only articles of high quality were selected and the topics include synthesis, characterization and applications of some inorganic luminescent phosphors for their applications in radiation dosimetry of high-energy radiations including swift heavy ions (SHI) using TL/OSL techniques. There are also papers on polymer solid state track detectors. Some papers on nanophosphors have also been included for their related applications. We hope that this special issue of the ‘Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics’ will be useful to the workers in this field. Lead Guest Editor: Prof. P.D. Sahare Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Delhi 110007, India Associate Guest Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar University School of Basic and Applied Sciences GGS Indraprastha University New Delhi 110078, India Prof. Ashok Kumar Department of Physics Ramjas College (University of Delhi) Delhi 110007, India
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
Luminescence Characteristics of LiCaAlF\(_6\):Eu TLD Phosphor
The material LiCaAlF\({}_{6}\):Eu (0.1 mol%) in microcrystalline form was prepared through water solution coprecipitation method followed by melting it at around 900 \({}^\circ\)C in a graphite crucible. The ingot was crushed and sieved through standard sieves to obtain powder approximate in the range 100-125 \(\mu\)m. The material was annealed at around 200-800 \({}^\circ\)C. The material was characterized by XRD. The materials were irradiated to different doses of \(\gamma\)-rays using \({}^{60}\)Co radioactive source and thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves were recorded. The powder material was found to be at least 10 times more sensitive than CaSO\({}_{4}\):Dy commercially available TLD pellets. However, as the dosimetry peak is at around 180 \({}^\circ\)C, there is fading around 20%. Considering these facts, the material could be considered as a highly sensitive and suitable TLD phosphor.
Synthesis of KZnF\(_{3}\) Phosphors by Co-Precipitation Method
Synthesis of KZnF\({}_{3}\) is rather tedious. Typical problems of fluoride synthesis are faced with more acuteness. Even in wet chemical preparations, use of hygroscopic starting materials like zinc chloride or nitrate presents considerable difficulties. A simple precipitation synthesis of KZnF\({}_{3}\) with aqueous solutions of zinc sulfate and potassium fluoride is described. Precipitation at the room temperature produces the compound profoundly contaminated with hydroxide phase. Phase pure compound is obtained when boiling solutions are mixed. Activators Cerium and europium could be incorporated by adding the corresponding sulfates to zinc sulfate solution during the precipitation. As prepared phosphor exhibited typical Ce\({}^{3+}\) luminescence. For obtaining Eu\({}^{2+}\) luminescence, the phosphor had to be given reducing treatment.
Photoluminescence Properties of (Mg\(^{2+}\)) Divalent and (Al\(^{3+}\)) Trivalent Metal Coumarinolates Doped with Quinoline for PCLED Application
Several Mg-Coumarinolates and Al-Coumarinolates doped with different concentrations of Quinoline were synthesized by simple chemical synthesis method and their PL spectra were studied. Usually, pure coumarin along with the chelates show weak luminescence and the emission is witnessed around 450 nm with excitation around 350 nm. Hence, such chelates do not find any practical applications. Addition of quinoline in lesser amount affects the emission and excitation of Mg-Coumarin and Al-Coumarin considerably. Intense photoluminescence is observed in these Mg based mixed chelates. In all samples, a well-defined emission band at 490 nm is observed with broad excitation in 350 nm to 470 nm range. Hence good overlap of excitation with 420 nm and 440 nm LED emission makes these materials suitable for white LED applications.
OSL Dosimetry Using LiCaAlF\(_{6}\):Eu Phosphor
LiCaAlF\({}_{6}\):Eu (0.1 mol%) OSLD phosphor material in microcrystalline powder form was prepared in a two-step process. First, through co-precipitation method and second by quickly melting it in a graphite crucible at around 900\({}^{\circ}\)C. It is a very novel and economic method of preparing this phosphor. The formation of the material in a single phase was characterized by XRD. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and photoluminescence studies were done for its application in radiation dosimetry of high-energy. The materials were irradiated to different doses of \(\gamma\)-rays using \({}^{60}\)Co radiation source and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) decay curves were recorded. The powder material was found to be at least four times more sensitive than Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\):C (Landauer USA) commercially available OSL chips. Considering these facts, the material could be considered as a highly sensitive and suitable OSL phosphor.
NaLi\(_{2}\)PO\(_{4}\): 0.5 mole% Eu\(^{3+}\) Phosphor Used for Carbon Dosimetry
New NaLi\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), phosphor doped with 0.5 mole% Eu\({}^{3}\)\({}^{+}\) prepared by solid state method were used for carbon dosimetry. XRD of the material matched with the data available in the literature (JCPDS file #80-2110) and confirmed formation of the material in its orthorhombic structure. The TL of the carbon beam irradiated sample recorded on Harshaw TLD-3500 reader. The samples are irradiated for different fluencies from the range of \(5\times 10^{9}\) to \(1\times 10^{13}\) ions cm\({}^{-2}\). TL glow curve consist of single main TL peak around 457 K surrounded by kinks at 408, 504 and 542 K. TL glow curve of the carbon irradiated sample has same shape as that of gamma irradiated one. With increasing dose the intensity is increases. The phosphor is much more sensitive than the standard available standard phosphor. It is about 6.5 and 41.3 times more sensitive than the TLD-100 and TLD-700H. For these range of fluences phosphor show sub-linearity. Efficiency of the for phosphor for C\({}^{6+}\) with respect to gamma radiation is calculated and is around 0.50754 for the fluence of \(5\times 10^{09}\) ions cm\({}^{-2 }\).
Linearly Modulated OSL in K\(_{3}\)Na(SO\(_{4}\))\(_{2}\):Eu\(^{3+}\) Phosphor Irradiated With 48 MeV Li\(^{3+}\) and 85 MeV C\(^{6+}\) Swift Heavy Ions Beam
K\({}_{3}\)Na(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\):Eu\({}^{3+}\) shows OSL when irradiated with swift heavy ion beams of Li\({}^{3+}\) and C\({}^{6+}\) at different fluences. The micro sample is prepared through solid state diffusion method along with its counter parts of ball milled (7 days) nanophosphor and co-precipitated nanophosphor samples. The material was characterized by XRD to confirm its formation in a single phase. Comparison of the experimental data with that of the data available in the literature (JCPDS data file \#74 0398) shows formation of a single hexagonal phase, with the space group P3 m1. Study on the particle size effect shows that particle size in the 75--106 \(\mu\)m rangeis more suitable for the linearly modulated-optically stimulated luminescence (LM-OSL) dosimetry in micro form. Dosimetric properties of the phosphor material using LM-OSL technique for blue light stimulation (\(\lambda=470\) nm and \(t=120$\) seconds) show that it is highly sensitive in the linear dose range. Here in this paper, we tried to find a relationship between detrapping probabilities and photoionization cross section using curve fitting (deconvolution) method. We also calculated and converted the fluence into doses using SRIM software. Data are presented indicating that the LM-OSL peak is composed of three overlapping components originating from populated traps with optical cross sections of 10\({}^{-17}\)-10\({}^{-18}\) cm\({}^{2}\). It was found that micro and ball milled nanophosphor Carbon ion beam irradiated samples dominates the photoionization cross section as compared with lithium ion irradiated samples, but co-precipitated sample is dominant in lithium irradiated samples. Which infers about the different trapping level formation and also recombination processes involved during the preparation and in readouts of samples.
Passive Dosimeter Based on BaBrF:Tm\(^{3+}\) Phosphor for \(\gamma\)-ray Dosimetry
Thulium (Tm\({}^{3+}\)) ions doped Barium Bromide Fluoride (BaBrF) samples were synthesized successfully through the solid-state diffusion method. The crystal structure and phase purity of the synthesized sample were examined by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Dosimetric properties of \(\gamma\)-ray exposed samples of BaBrF:Tm\({}^{3+}\) investigated. To obtain the maximum Thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of the material, the dopant concentration level and annealing temperature were optimized. It is observed that the dopant concentration 2.0 mol% of Tm\({}^{3+}\) and the annealing at 673 K temperature the phosphor material exhibits maximum TL intensity. The \(\gamma\)-Ray dose-response, fading of the TL signal, and kinetic parameters of the TL glow curve were also investigated. TL sensitivity of the BaBrF:Tm\({}^{3+}\) phosphor compared to the commercially available CaSO\({}_{4}\):Dy (TLD-900) dosimeter used for radiation measurement. On the basis of their promising dosimetric characteristics, it can become a good TL dosimeter for passive dosimetry of high energy \(\gamma\)-ray radiation.
Template Synthesis and Characterization of Ni Nanostructures
Nanostructures of a typical ferromagnetic material, nickel are fabricated by electro-deposition (in a DC mode) within the pores of polycarbonate track etched membranes. The cylindrical pores with pore diameter 100 nm have been used for present study. Negative template method via two electrode potentiostatic arrangement in electrochemical cell has been used to synthesize the ordered array of one-dimensional Ni nanostructures. Deposition has been carried out at \(41\pm2\) degree, 1.6 V and so formed one dimensional nanostructure has been obtained at a Copper substrate. The elegant approach of template synthesis has advantage that shape and diameter of one-dimensional nanostructure can be varied as per the requirement, by using the templates of different pore shapes and diameters. Crystalline nature of one-dimensional Ni nanostructures is confirmed by X-ray spectroscopy using Rigaku X-ray diffractometer. I-V characteristics have also been drawn using Keithley source meter, in order to check out the variation in electrical conductivity from bulk to nanoscale.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence in Eu\(^{3+}\) Doped NaLi\(_2\)PO\(_4\) Phosphor: Studies on Effect of Particle Size
We report the optically stimulated luminescence of Eu\({}^{3+}\) doped NaLi\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) synthesized by solid state diffusion method which is crushed and sieved further using Ball milled for different time period (1 to 10 days) with different particle sizes ranging from micro to nano sizes are obtained. Formation of the material was confirmed by XRD analysis and matched peak to peak with JCPDS\#80-2110. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were used for determining its particle size(s). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) characteristics were studied to see the effect of particle size after irradiating with \(\gamma\)-rays from Co\({}^{60}\) source for wide dose range (10 Gy-100 KGy). It was found that OSL sensitivity depends on particle size of the material. Easy method of synthesis, good sensitivity, low fading, good chemical stability, etc. make this OSLD nano phosphor a good candidate for radiation dosimetry using OSL.
Effect of Nuclear Radiation Generated Thermal Spike on Degradation Reaction Kinetics of a Polymer SSNTD and Its Impact on Track Diameter
It has been extensively studied that high polymer form an important group of materials used for solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). The radiation induced damage not only leave tracks for microscopic examination but also change other physical properties of the material. One of them being the average molecular mass of the polymer. The change in this parameter which is induced by the radiation exposure can be studied and can give an estimate of the number of polymer chain scission, which has a direct influence on the track diameter and can give an estimate of the energy of radiation deposited inside the sample. From this the energy of the incoming particle flux can be calculated. In this paper a relationship between polymer degradation as given by the extent of the depolymerization reaction, the track diameter and energy of the incoming particle is sought.
Relative Risk for a Class of Patients Based on Progressive Censored Data Exposed to Radiations Using Cox’s Proportional Hazard with a Set of Covariates
An attempt has been made to estimate Relative Risks (RR) of a category of patients assumed to be progressive censored and exposed to multiple hazards including nuclear radiations and suffering from chronic non-communicable disease by fitting Cox’s proportional hazard regression model. Covariates are different age groups of patients, nature of stages of patients and treatment given to patients. The time dependent Weibull hazard rates have been estimated by using Maximum likelihood method. Any one of the three covariates considered here is taken as poorer immunity of a section of population because of exposure to high energy radiation of different kinds. The Relative Risk and Longevity estimates can further be used to construct life tables for such class of population, considering the censoring aspect of the data.
Theoretical Study of Excitation Energies, Radiative Data for E1 Transitions With Partition Function and Thermodynamic Parameters for Li-Like Ions
The fully relativistic Multi-configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method within the framework of the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian is employed to calculate the excitation energies and radiative rates for Li-like ions (21≤Z≤56), which includes quantum electrodynamics and Breit Corrections. We have presented energies of lowest 24 fine structural levels and radiative data for electric dipole (E1) transitions among these levels. The results have been benchmarked for a few ionic states. Comparisons are made with results compiled by NIST as well as with other results available in the Literature. We have performed analogous calculations for energy levels with the distorted wave (DW) method, in order to assess the accuracy of our results. Further, we have calculated partition functions and thermodynamic properties by using fine structure approach. We have discussed the variation of partition function, internal energy and specific heat with temperature. We strongly believe that our extensive calculations can guide experimentalists in identifying the fine-structural levels in their future works.
Bloch Equations Versus Balance Equation: From F. Bloch to A. Einstein
We investigate the correspondence between balance equation for population inversion of Two-Level System (TLS) and equations for optical Bloch vector which describe the interaction of electromagnetic field and TLS. Based on an analytical treatment, the condition for such a correspondence is established and an expression is obtained for the rate of the radiative transition. Particularly, the problem of applicability of the perturbation theory when writing the balance equation, which also describes a strong change in the population inversion, is resolved.
Energy Levels, Radiative Data and Collisional Excitation of Chlorine like Tungsten W\(^{57+}\)
Extended computation of energy levels and radiative data such as transition wavelengths, transition probabilities, and oscillator strengths for electric dipole (E1) transitions are performed for chlorine-like Tungsten ions WLVIII using the fully relativistic Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). Comparisons are done with the accessible experimental results and theoretical data in the literature. Close agreement has been found ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our results. We have studied collisional excitation cross section and presented magnetic sublevel cross sections for excitations from the ground state 3s\({}^{2}\) 3p\({}^{52}\)P\({}^{o}\)\({}_{3/2}\) to the first excited state 3s\({}^{2}\)3p\({}^{4}\)3d \({}^{4}\)D\({}_{3/2}\) of W\({}^{57+}\) as a function of incident electron energy. We calculate new data for several levels where no other theoretical and/or experimental results are available. Our work will help to develop diagnostics for evaluating tungsten concentrations in fusion plasmas and provide platform for modeling predictions.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Atomic, Molecular, Condensed Matter and Nano Physics
Synthesis, Characterization of CdZnS Thinfilms and SnS Nanoparticles
The replacement of CdS with its ternary alloy Cd\({}_{1-x}\)Zn\({}_{x}\)S has been attempted for improvement of the (Cd,Zn)S/Cu(In,Ga)Se\({}_{2}\) solar cell performance; this has resulted in a higher efficiency of 16.9\%. Moreover, the replacement of CdS with the higher energy gap ternary Cd\({}_{1-x}\)Zn\({}_{x}\)S has also led to a decrease in window absorption loss and has resulted in an increase in the short circuit current in the solar cell. In this work, the Zn-CdS thin films were fabricated on glass substrates under optimized chemical bath conditions and its structural, surface and optical properties were investigated and the results of the optimized sample are presented and discussed. Among them, the solvent growth technique is very effective in yielding a desirable size distribution and optimization of the physical properties.\ For investigation the materials are synthesized using chemical bath deposition technique. The ternary compound CdZnS were deposited by various methods such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), spray pyrolysis, vacuum evaporation, chemical bath deposition, successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR). Among these, the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method is a cost effective, simpler and more reliable method and gives the more precise possibility of obtaining films with required and suitable properties for optoelectronic applications and also applicable to large area deposition. Due to the incorporation of Zn\(^{2+}\) in to CdS thin films enhances the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current in hetero-junction devices which results the decrease in the window absorption losses. The growth of SnS materials in single crystal, polycrystal-line, thin films and other forms has been carried out by various well known chemical, mechanical and physical methods.
It is shown that the total dissipative work is exactly given by the sum of two contributions. First by the relative entropy of probability of forward path and its time reversed path and second by the relative entropy of non equilibrium and equilibrium probability distribution at that time. The conclusion is supported using a simple model.